Exploring countertop cooking solutions, the versatile toaster oven has revolutionized meal preparation. For those seeking the best inexpensive toaster oven, the quest for optimal performance at an accessible price point is paramount.
These compact appliances, often lauded for their energy efficiency and multifunctional capabilities, provide a compelling alternative to traditional ovens for everyday tasks. Whether you’re toasting bread, reheating leftovers, or even baking small batches, finding the best inexpensive toaster oven ensures culinary convenience. This guide delves into the innovative designs and thoughtful features that define today’s top budget-friendly models, setting the stage for effortless cooking and delightful results.
Find Your Budget-Friendly Kitchen Hero!
1. BLACK+DECKER Crisp ‘N Bake Air Fry Countertop Convection Toaster Oven,
Discover the BLACK+DECKER Crisp ‘N Bake Air Fry Countertop Convection Toaster Oven, your all-in-one solution for quick, healthy, and delicious meals. This versatile kitchen essential simplifies cooking with its advanced features, making it a fantastic addition to any home looking for a reliable and efficient countertop appliance.
Experience unparalleled convenience with five cooking functions: Air Fry, Bake, Broil, Toast, and Keep Warm. This compact appliance boasts a spacious interior capable of fitting a 9-inch pizza or four slices of bread, perfect for families or individual use. Its healthy air frying technology allows you to enjoy your favorite fried foods with minimal oil, while EvenToast technology ensures uniformly golden toast every time.
Effortless cleanup is guaranteed with the removable crumb/drip tray and included accessories.
Pros
- Achieve healthier versions of fried favorites like fries and chicken wings with its efficient air frying capabilities, using little to no oil for a guilt-free indulgence.
- Enjoy consistently perfect toast, bagels, and more thanks to the EvenToast technology that eliminates hot spots for an even golden-brown finish across all items.
- Saves valuable counter space while offering sufficient capacity for a small family’s needs, fitting up to a 9-inch pizza or four slices of bread, making it an ideal small oven.
- Simplify meal preparation and cleanup with user-friendly controls, a 30-minute timer, and an included bake pan, air fry mesh tray, wire rack, and a convenient crumb/drip tray.
Cons
- While compact, the interior might be limiting for larger dishes or cooking multiple items concurrently for bigger families, making it best suited for smaller batch cooking.
This BLACK+DECKER air fryer toaster oven is an excellent value, combining multiple cooking functionalities into one sleek unit. For those seeking an affordable yet highly functional countertop oven with air frying capabilities, it stands out as an exceptional choice for everyday cooking, quick snacks, and healthier meal preparation.
2. BLACK+DECKER TO1313SBD Toaster Oven, 15.47 Inch, Silver
Discover the perfect blend of compact design and everyday functionality with the BLACK+DECKER TO1313SBD Toaster Oven. This versatile kitchen essential offers a surprisingly spacious interior and multiple cooking modes, making meal prep and reheating incredibly convenient for busy households seeking an affordable countertop appliance.
Effortlessly prepare a 9-inch pizza or toast up to four slices of bread with its thoughtfully designed curved interior. Four essential cooking functions—bake, broil, toast, and warm—are at your fingertips, powered by natural convection for even heating and crisp results.
Pros
- Accommodates a 9-inch pizza or 4 slices of bread, maximizing utility in a compact footprint ideal for small kitchens.
- Offers four versatile cooking functions (bake, broil, toast, warm) for a wide range of meal preparation needs.
- Features a convenient 30-minute precision timer with a stay-on function for controlled and safe operation.
- Includes a removable crumb tray for quick and hygienic cleanup, simplifying maintenance after use.
- Possesses a compact and contemporary silver stainless steel design that complements modern kitchen aesthetics.
Cons
- Outer surfaces can become hot during operation, requiring careful handling with oven mitts and adequate ventilation space.
For those searching for a budget-friendly and highly functional toaster oven, the BLACK+DECKER TO1313SBD stands out. Its combination of essential cooking modes, user-friendly timer, and easy maintenance makes it an excellent choice for everyday baking, toasting, and reheating tasks without a large investment.
3. BLACK+DECKER 4-Slice Toaster Oven with Natural Convection, Stainless Steel, TO1760SS
Discover a versatile and affordable kitchen essential with the BLACK+DECKER 4-Slice Toaster Oven. This compact appliance offers excellent value, making everyday cooking tasks simpler and more efficient without the need to heat a large oven.
Its stainless steel design adds a touch of modern style to any countertop.
This 4-in-1 countertop oven efficiently toasts, bakes, and broils, perfect for everything from breakfast bagels to quick dinners. Featuring EvenToast Technology for consistent browning and a 30-minute timer, it’s designed for convenience and reliable performance in a space-saving footprint, fitting up to a 9” pizza.
Pros
- Achieve evenly toasted bread and consistent cooking results thanks to the innovative EvenToast Technology, ensuring uniform heat distribution ideal for multiple slices or small pizzas.
- Enjoy the flexibility of 4 cooking functions – toast, bake, broil, and keep warm – providing a compact solution for various meal preparations and snacks, reducing the need for your main oven.
- Simplify cooking with the 30-minute timer, featuring a stay-on function for longer baking projects and a clear indicator light with an audible signal for precise meal timing.
- The durable and sleek stainless steel finish not only looks great in any kitchen but also offers a small footprint, making it a practical addition for smaller spaces or as a supplementary cooking appliance.
- Effortless cleanup is guaranteed with the included removable crumb tray, bake pan, and broil rack, ensuring that keeping your appliance in pristine condition is a breeze after every use.
Cons
- While capable of handling a 9” pizza, larger baking dishes or multiple items may require cooking in batches due to its compact internal capacity.
For those seeking a budget-friendly kitchen workhorse, the BLACK+DECKER 4-Slice Toaster Oven delivers exceptional value and performance. It’s an ideal choice for individuals, couples, or anyone looking for a reliable, simple-to-use appliance for everyday toasting, baking, and broiling needs, offering a smart alternative to larger ovens for smaller tasks.
4. Elite Gourmet ETO490 9L/4 Slice Countertop Toaster Oven with 30-Minute
Discover the perfect kitchen companion with the Elite Gourmet ETO490, an ultra-compact and surprisingly capable countertop toaster oven. Offering essential functions for everyday meal prep without demanding precious counter space, this little appliance proves that great things come in small packages.
Enjoy versatility for baking, roasting, and toasting at an accessible price point.
This 9-liter Elite Gourmet toaster oven is your go-to for quick snacks and full meal components. Its efficient 800-watt power system, coupled with adjustable temperature control from 200°F to 450°F, ensures consistent results for various cooking tasks.
The intuitive 30-minute timer simplifies operations, making it ideal for busy individuals seeking convenient cooking solutions in a small kitchen.
Pros
- Compact Footprint, Big Capability: Its small size makes it an excellent choice for dorm rooms, studio apartments, or any kitchen where space is limited, yet it still delivers impressive performance for toast, baked goods, and roasted vegetables.
- Precise Temperature & Time Control: The adjustable thermostat (200°F-450°F) and 30-minute timer offer granular control over your cooking, allowing you to achieve perfectly toasted bread, evenly baked cookies, and accurately roasted chicken.
- Complete Baking & Toasting Set: Arriving with a non-stick baking pan and a wire rack, this unit is ready to go right out of the box. The dual rack positions add further flexibility for accommodating different food items and sizes.
- Energy Efficient for Small Tasks: For smaller portions or quick reheating, this oven uses less energy than a full-sized oven, making it an economical appliance for everyday use.
- User-Friendly Operation: Simple dials for temperature and time make this toaster oven easy to operate, even for novice cooks or those who prefer straightforward kitchen tools.
Cons
- Limited Capacity for Larger Meals: While excellent for snacks and smaller dishes, its 9-liter capacity means it’s not suitable for cooking large pizzas or family-sized roasts.
The Elite Gourmet ETO490 toaster oven excels as a budget-friendly, space-saving solution for essential cooking needs. If you’re looking for a reliable appliance to handle your daily toasting, baking, and warming requirements efficiently, this compact powerhouse is a commendable choice.
It offers dependable performance without the premium price tag, making it a smart addition to any compact kitchen setup.
5. BLACK+DECKER Crisp N Bake 4-Slice Air Fry Toaster Oven, Knob
Discover the ultimate kitchen companion with the BLACK+DECKER Crisp N Bake 4-Slice Air Fry Toaster Oven. This versatile countertop appliance delivers delicious, healthy meals and snacks efficiently, making it a perfect addition for any home chef seeking both convenience and quality.
Enjoy perfectly toasted bread, crispy air-fried favorites, and baked goods all in one compact unit.
This innovative toaster oven combo efficiently toasts up to four slices of bread simultaneously with consistent browning. Its multifunction capabilities extend to air frying, baking, broiling, and keeping food warm, powered by high-intensity hot air for healthier, oil-free crispy results.
The extra-deep interior and curved design accommodate various food items, ensuring safe proximity to heating elements and easy monitoring through the glass door.
Pros
- Versatile Cooking Functions: Enjoy the convenience of toasting, air frying, baking, broiling, and keeping warm in a single appliance, making it a truly multipurpose kitchen essential. Achieve perfectly golden toast for up to four slices at once.
- Healthier Air Frying Performance: Experience crispy, delicious results with minimal to no oil thanks to its high-intensity hot air technology. The included mesh tray ensures fast, even cooking and doesn’t require preheating, saving you time.
- User-Friendly Operation & Cleanup: Intuitive knob controls make selecting cooking functions and timers straightforward. Dishwasher-safe accessories like the rack and mesh tray, along with a removable crumb tray and wipe-clean exterior, simplify maintenance.
- Spacious & Practical Design: The extra-deep interior with a curved design provides ample space for larger items while maintaining a safe distance from heating elements. The easy-view glass door allows for effortless food monitoring.
Cons
- As with many compact toaster ovens, interior capacity may be limiting for larger meals or baking multiple items simultaneously, making it best suited for smaller households or side dishes.
The BLACK+DECKER Crisp N Bake offers a fantastic blend of functionality and affordability, making it an excellent choice for those seeking an inexpensive toaster oven that doesn’t compromise on performance. Its ability to air fry, toast, bake, and broil efficiently makes it a valuable addition to any kitchen countertop, perfect for quick meals and snacks.
6. Elite Gourmet ETO236 Personal Compact 2 Slice Countertop Toaster Oven
Discover the perfect solution for your small kitchen or dorm room with the Elite Gourmet ETO236 Personal Compact Toaster Oven! This compact countertop appliance offers incredible versatility for everyday cooking needs, making it an ideal choice for those seeking an efficient and functional mini oven without sacrificing valuable space.
Experience convenient toasting, warming, and baking with ease.
Boasting 650 watts of power and adjustable temperature controls from 200F to 450F, this compact toaster oven excels at preparing quick snacks, breakfasts, or reheating leftovers. Its 15-minute adjustable timer ensures precise cooking, while the included non-stick bake pan and wire rack provide everything you need to get started.
The built-in thermostat maintains consistent heat for evenly prepared food.
Pros
- Space-Saving Design: Its compact footprint is ideal for limited counter space, fitting effortlessly into small kitchens, dorm rooms, or studio apartments.
- Versatile Cooking Functions: Effortlessly toast bread, warm up meals, or even bake small items, offering a truly multi-functional cooking experience for a small appliance.
- Precise Temperature & Time Control: The adjustable thermostat (200F-450F) and a 15-minute timer allow for accurate cooking, ensuring perfect results for various foods.
- Complete Accessory Kit: Comes with a useful non-stick bake pan and a wire rack, making it ready for immediate use right out of the box.
Cons
- Limited Capacity: As a compact 2-slice model, it’s best suited for individuals or couples and may not accommodate larger meals or multiple servings simultaneously.
The Elite Gourmet ETO236 Personal Compact Toaster Oven is an excellent budget-friendly option for anyone needing a reliable countertop oven for basic cooking tasks. Its efficient performance and simple operation make it a fantastic addition to any compact living space, providing convenient meal preparation without the need for a full-sized oven.
7. Hamilton Beach Sure-Crisp Air Fryer Toaster Oven Combo, Fits 9”
Transform your kitchen with the Hamilton Beach Sure-Crisp Air Fryer Toaster Oven Combo. Experience remarkably crispy, evenly browned meals with powerful air circulation, minimizing the need for oil.
This innovative air fryer oven combo offers four essential cooking functions: toast, bake, air fry, and broil, all within a compact design. With a 4-slice capacity, it comfortably fits a 9” pizza or a 3 lb.
chicken, ideal for family meals. Precision temperature control from 200° to 450°F ensures excellent cooking and toasting performance without hot spots.
Pros
- Achieve incredibly crispy results with powerful convection technology that circulates air for evenly browned food, perfect for healthier air-fried snacks and meals.
- Enjoy versatile cooking options with dedicated toast, bake, air fry, and broil settings, consolidating multiple appliances into one convenient countertop unit.
- Ample cooking capacity accommodates up to 4 slices of toast, a 9” pizza, or even a small roast, making it suitable for various meal preparations.
- Includes essential accessories like a metal air-fry basket, bake pan, and broil rack, along with a convenient slide-out crumb tray for easy cleanup.
Cons
- The exterior can become hot during operation, requiring careful handling and placement away from flammable materials.
Whether you’re looking for an affordable air fryer solution or a multi-functional toaster oven, the Hamilton Beach Sure-Crisp offers exceptional value. It’s the best inexpensive toaster oven choice for those seeking crispy, healthy meals and efficient countertop cooking, making it a superb addition to any kitchen for everyday use and quick meals.
8. BLACK+DECKER Crisp ‘N Bake Air Fryer Countertop Convection Toaster Oven,
Discover the ultimate countertop companion for effortless cooking: the BLACK+DECKER Crisp ‘N Bake Air Fryer Toaster Oven. This versatile appliance combines multiple cooking methods in one sleek unit, making it perfect for busy kitchens. Experience healthier, crispier meals and simplify your daily meal preparation with this essential kitchen gadget.
This 5-in-1 kitchen essential offers air frying, baking, broiling, toasting, and warming functions, empowering you to create a wide range of dishes. Its advanced air fry technology uses hot air circulation to achieve up to 75% less fat in your fried favorites, providing delicious, guilt-free results.
Enjoy consistent cooking with the Eventoast technology, ensuring even heat distribution for perfectly golden results every time. With user-friendly controls, a 60-minute timer, a stay-on function, and easy-to-clean accessories like a removable crumb tray, bake pan, wire rack, and air fry basket, this convection toaster oven is designed for convenience.
Pros
- Unmatched Versatility: Seamlessly switch between air frying for crispy snacks, baking delicate desserts, broiling meats to perfection, toasting bread and bagels evenly, and keeping food warm for serving. It’s a true multi-functional cooker.
- Healthier Fried Foods: Achieve the satisfying crunch of deep-fried foods with significantly less oil, thanks to its efficient air frying capability, making it a smart choice for health-conscious individuals seeking tasty alternatives.
- Generous Capacity: The large interior is perfectly sized to accommodate a 12-inch pizza, a whole roast chicken (depending on size), or multiple servings of side dishes, making it ideal for families and smaller gatherings.
- Consistent Toasting: Eventoast Technology ensures uniform heat distribution, meaning your toast, bagels, and English muffins will be consistently golden brown with no burnt edges or underdone centers.
- Easy Operation & Cleanup: Intuitive control knobs and a clear 60-minute timer make operation simple, while the included air fry basket, bake pan, wire rack, and removable crumb tray simplify cleaning after every use.
Cons
- While spacious for many appetizers and pizzas, some larger roasts or main dishes might exceed internal dimensions, necessitating separate cooking.
The BLACK+DECKER Crisp ‘N Bake Air Fryer Countertop Convection Toaster Oven is an excellent budget-friendly option for those seeking a multi-purpose countertop appliance. Its combination of air frying, baking, and toasting features, alongside its user-friendly design, makes it a fantastic addition to any kitchen looking to expand its cooking repertoire without breaking the bank.
9. Dash Mini Toaster Oven – Sleek & Stylish – For
Discover the perfect compact kitchen addition with the Dash Mini Toaster Oven. Its sleek, stylish design makes it an ideal countertop appliance for anyone needing efficient, small-space cooking solutions.
Enjoy versatile meal preparation without compromising on aesthetics or performance.
This multi-purpose cooker is designed for single-slice toast, mini pizzas, quiches, and healthy breakfasts. Featuring an adjustable temperature dial, it simplifies cooking. Cleanup is a breeze thanks to its dishwasher-safe removable baking tray and slide-out crumb tray, ensuring a quick and hassle-free maintenance experience.
Pros
- Space-Saving Design: Its compact footprint is perfect for small kitchens, dorm rooms, or RVs, fitting easily on any counter without taking up excessive space.
- Versatile Cooking Capabilities: Beyond toasting, it efficiently bakes, broils, and reheats a variety of foods, from mini pizzas to bagels and cookies, making it a true kitchen workhorse for small batches.
- Effortless Cleanup: The removable, dishwasher-safe baking tray and slide-out crumb tray significantly reduce post-meal chores, offering unparalleled convenience.
- Safety Features: Includes an auto shut-off function for added peace of mind during operation.
- Stylish Aesthetics: The modern, minimalist design complements any kitchen decor, adding a touch of elegance to your countertop.
Cons
- Limited Capacity: Due to its mini size, it’s best suited for single servings or small batches, not ideal for cooking for a large family.
For those seeking an affordable, compact, and stylish toaster oven for everyday small-batch cooking, the Dash Mini Toaster Oven is an excellent choice. It offers convenience and versatility for quick meals and snacks, making it a valuable addition to any compact living space.
10. Hamilton Beach 6 Slice Countertop Toaster Oven With Easy Reach
Discover effortless cooking with the Hamilton Beach 6 Slice Countertop Toaster Oven. Its innovative Easy Reach™ roll-top door provides unparalleled access and keeps countertops clean, making meal prep and cleanup a breeze for busy households seeking convenient kitchen solutions.
This versatile appliance boasts a spacious interior, capable of holding a 9 x 11 bake pan, six slices of toast, or a 12 pizza, all powered by 1400 watts for efficient cooking. With three essential functions – bake, broil, and toast – and two rack positions, it’s designed to handle a wide array of daily culinary tasks with simple, user-friendly manual controls. Get reliable performance for a great value in a compact kitchen staple.
Pros
- The exclusive Easy Reach™ roll-top door swings up and away, offering superior access to your food and keeping your countertop free from drips and messes, a significant advantage for kitchen efficiency.
- A generous capacity accommodates a 12″ pizza or a 9″ x 11″ bake pan, making it a practical choice for family meals and entertaining, alongside toasting up to 6 slices of bread.
- Cleanup is simplified thanks to the stay-up door and a removable, slide-out crumb tray, ensuring a more pleasant cooking experience and easier maintenance for your countertop oven.
- Versatile cooking options include bake, broil, and toast functions with a wide temperature range (150-450°F) and two rack positions, providing flexibility for diverse recipes and cooking preferences.
Cons
- While offering excellent value, some users might find the manual timer lacking the precision or programmability found in more advanced digital models.
For those in search of an affordable and dependable kitchen companion, the Hamilton Beach 6 Slice Countertop Toaster Oven delivers exceptional functionality. Its user-friendly design and practical features make it an ideal choice for everyday cooking needs, from quick snacks to side dishes, without breaking the bank.
Smart Shopping: Finding Your Ideal Inexpensive Toaster Oven
Capacity and versatility needs
The internal dimensions of a compact oven dictate not only what meals you can prepare but also how much counter space it will occupy.
Understanding your typical meal preparation and family size is paramount to finding a unit that balances functionality with your kitchen’s footprint. For individuals or couples, a smaller appliance might suffice for reheating leftovers or making a few slices of toast.
However, if you regularly cook for a larger family or entertain guests, you’ll need a more substantial interior that can accommodate a whole chicken, a 12-inch pizza, or multiple baking sheets simultaneously.
Consider the versatility required for your daily cooking routine; can it handle the basics like toasting bread evenly, baking cookies, or broiling fish? A truly adaptable countertop oven will offer settings for these common tasks and more, transforming from a simple toaster into a versatile cooking companion for a variety of dishes.
Key performance features
A toaster oven’s core capabilities are defined by its performance features, impacting its versatility and effectiveness.
For an appliance that aims to replace multiple kitchen gadgets, understanding these specifications is paramount to ensuring it meets your culinary demands. A wide temperature range, ideally from low settings for proofing dough to high heat for searing, is essential for tackling diverse recipes. Crucially, this temperature needs to be accurate and stable; significant fluctuations can lead to unevenly cooked food, burnt edges on toast, or undercooked interiors.
The design of the heating elements also plays a vital role in achieving even cooking and browning.
Beyond temperature, the available cooking functions dictate the appliance’s utility. Standard settings like toasting bread to your preferred crispness, broiling chicken or vegetables for a quick char, and baking small batches of cookies or a personal-sized pizza are foundational. Models offering convection capabilities can circulate hot air for faster, more uniform results across all these functions.
Models offering convection capabilities can circulate hot air for faster, more uniform results across all these functions. Consider how many of these core operations you intend to perform regularly to gauge the suitability of a particular unit’s performance profile.
Ease of use and maintenance
A truly user-friendly appliance streamlines your cooking experience from start to finish.
Opting for a model with simple controls and an intuitive interface means less time fumbling with settings and more time enjoying delicious results, whether you’re toasting a bagel or reheating leftovers. This ease of operation is especially valuable for everyday convenience.
Beyond basic operation, consider how effortlessly you can maintain its cleanliness. A removable crumb tray is a game-changer, catching stray crumbs and making it simple to empty and wipe down, preventing buildup and odors. Furthermore, interior surfaces coated with nonstick material significantly reduce the effort needed to wipe away grease and food residue after cooking, ensuring your appliance remains pristine with minimal fuss and extends its lifespan for consistent performance.
Furthermore, interior surfaces coated with nonstick material significantly reduce the effort needed to wipe away grease and food residue after cooking, ensuring your appliance remains pristine with minimal fuss and extends its lifespan for consistent performance.
Safety and durability
Prioritizing how a countertop cooker holds up over time and ensures user protection is paramount for any kitchen appliance investment.
A robust build and thoughtful safety elements prevent accidents and guarantee longevity, offering peace of mind during everyday meal preparation. Look for models featuring a cool-touch exterior and handles, which remain safe to touch even when the interior is hot, preventing accidental burns, especially important in busy kitchens or households with children. Essential safety mechanisms also include an automatic shutoff feature; this intelligent function activates when the timer concludes or if the oven overheats, safeguarding against potential hazards and energy waste.
Essential safety mechanisms also include an automatic shutoff feature; this intelligent function activates when the timer concludes or if the oven overheats, safeguarding against potential hazards and energy waste.
The quality of construction and materials directly influences both safety and durability. Stainless steel interiors and exteriors, along with heat-resistant glass doors and sturdy racks, indicate a unit designed for consistent performance and easy cleaning, while also contributing to its overall structural integrity. These components, combined with well-engineered heating elements and reliable automation, ensure your appliance will serve you reliably for countless cooking tasks, from toasting bagels to roasting small chickens, without compromising your family’s well-being.
These components, combined with well-engineered heating elements and reliable automation, ensure your appliance will serve you reliably for countless cooking tasks, from toasting bagels to roasting small chickens, without compromising your family’s well-being.
Quick Best Inexpensive Toaster Oven Buying Checklist
- Determine Size Needs Understand how much counter space you have and the typical food portions you prepare.
- Identify Essential Functions List the cooking tasks you’ll perform most often (e.g., toasting, baking, reheating).
- Check Temperature Range Ensure the oven can reach temperatures suitable for your common recipes.
- Evaluate Cleaning Features Look for removable crumb trays and non-stick interiors for easy maintenance.
- Prioritize Safety Seek models with cool-touch exteriors and automatic shut-off for peace of mind.
- Consider Energy Efficiency Opt for models that offer good performance without excessive power consumption.
Frequently Asked Questions
What Cooking Functions Should I Look For In An Inexpensive Toaster Oven?
Look for essential functions like toast, bake, and broil, as these cover most common kitchen needs for budget-friendly models.
How Do I Know If A Toaster Oven Is Too Small Or Too Large For My Needs?
Consider your typical meal sizes and the number of people you usually cook for; a 0.4 cu ft model often suits 1-2 people.
Are Budget Toaster Ovens Difficult To Clean?
Many inexpensive models include removable crumb trays and non-stick interiors, making cleaning simpler than you might expect.
What Kind Of Temperature Control Can I Expect From An Inexpensive Model?
Expect basic temperature dials, often with a range of 150-450°F, which are sufficient for most everyday cooking tasks.
Are Inexpensive Toaster Ovens Safe To Use?
Yes, most inexpensive toaster ovens feature crucial safety elements like cool-touch exteriors and automatic shut-off functions.
Final Words
In summary, finding the best inexpensive toaster oven delivers fantastic value and kitchen versatility without breaking the bank. These appliances offer space-saving convenience for toasting, baking, and reheating.
